THE NATIONAL RED LIST OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Crimson waxcap, Scarlet waxy cap

Hygrocybe punicea

Macedonian

Огнена влажница, Голема влажница

Albanian

/

Back to species overview
<< Previous -Goblet waxcap
March mushroom-Next >>
Not evaluated Data deficient Least concern Near threatened Vulnerable ENDANGERED Critically endangered Extinct in the wild Extinct
NE DD LC NT VU EN CR EW EX
Taxonomy
Assessment info
Population
Habitat and Ecology
Threats
Use and Trade
Conservation Actions
Bibliography

Taxonomy

Scientific name

Hygrocybe punicea

Authority

(Fr.) P. Kumm.

Synonyms

 Agaricus puniceus Fr.

Assessment info

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

EN – Endangered C2a(i)

Date assessed

November 2020

Assessors

Tofilovska, S.

Reviewers

Kost, G.

Contributors

Karadelev, M.

Rusevska, K.

Facilitators

Miskovic, M.

Justification

Hygrocybe punicea is found in semi-natural grassland areas in mossy or low vegetation cover, at nutrient poor and acidic soil. It is an extremely rare species registered at only two sites in the country. The probable total number of sites is guesstimated at ca. 20 sites, while the number of mature individuals is estimated at ca. 400 with a few individuals per subpopulation. The population of Hygrocybe punicea is continuously declining. The suitable habitat types in the country are decreasing in area and quality and are assessed to have moderate to high threat intensity. The species is categorized as endangered under criteria C2a(i).

Population

Current population trend

Decline.

Description

Hygrocybe punicea is an extremely rare species in the country. According to the instructions for estimation of mature individuals provided by Dahlberg and Mueller (2011), an estimate can be made of ca. 400 based on the probable total number of sites in the country (ca. 20), the estimated number of functional individuals at each locality (estimated to be two) and based on the template of how many mature individuals each reproducing genotype may give rise to (the template used ten). Population trend is estimated to be continuously decreasing in the country, as well as in global view, due to the loss of appropriate habitats.

Habitat and Ecology

System

Terrestrial.

Habitat and Ecology

Hygrocybe punicea occurs in semi-natural grassland areas in mossy or low vegetation cover, at nutrient poor and acidic soil. Most appropriate habitat are the mesic meadows exposed to anthropogenic intervention, as regular grazing by livestock or hand mown. Generally Hygrocybe species are thought as saprobionts and only recently a suggestion had been given that they might be mycorrhizal or endophytes (Halbwachs et al. 2013, Halbwachs et al. 2018). The species usually produce sporocarps from late summer to autumn in groups or solitary.

It is an extremely rare species registered at only two sites in the country, in mountains Bistra and Vodno, at elevation between 600–1300 m a.s.l.. In the NP Mavrovo the site is found in the zone for sustainable use. The species has well-known ecology, but it has not been recorded frequently in the past. Therefore, based on availability of appropriate habitat the total number of sites is guesstimated to be up to 10 times higher than the current number.

Use and trade

Use and trade

It is an edible species, but most probably is omitted by mushroom pickers and it is not part of the market trade centres in the country.

Threats

Threats

The suitable habitats of the species, the mesic and wet grasslands, are estimated to be under moderate to high threat intensity due to overgrowth, abandonment of traditional practices or succession according to the last Biodiversity Action Plan (2018). This is in accordance to the state at global level where is considered that more than 90% of semi-natural grasslands have been lost in Europe over the last century due to management intensification, land use conversion or abandonment (Mešić 2019, EEA Report 3/2016).

Conservation actions

Conservation actions

Conservation needed: The known sites should be protected and ensure that suitable conditions are maintained by appropriate management practices. A conservation plan should be provided for preservation of the semi-natural grasslands in the country and maybe propose a protected grassland areas to be properly maintained by livestock grazing and hand mowing, as a means to preserve biodiversity.

Research needed: Regular monitoring on an annual bases at the established sites, coupled with field research at possible sites in order to explore more the distribution and dynamic of occurrence of the species. There is a necessity of elaboration of a habitat map in the country.

Bibliography

Bibliography

ArtDatabanken, 2020. Hygrocybe punicea. Artfakta 2020 Red List of Swedish Species online database. Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/hygrocybe-punicea-805.

Artsdatabanken, 2020. Hygrocybe punicea. Norwegian red list for species 2020. Available at: https://www.artsdatabanken.no/Taxon/Hygrocybe%20punicea/54012.

Corriol, G. (Coord.). 2014. Liste rouge des champignons de Midi-Pyrénées. Conservatoire botanique national des Pyrénées et de Midi-Pyrénées. Midi-Pyrénées, pp. 20, France.

Dahlberg, A. and Mueller, G.M. 2011. Applying IUCN red-listing criteria for assessing and reporting on the conservation status of fungal species. Fungal Ecology 4(2): 147-162. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.11.001

European Environment Agency. 2016. Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe’s ecosystems: progress and challenges. EEA Report 3/2016. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

Friebes, G., Dämon, W., Michelitsch S., Pidlich-Aigner H., Krisai-Greilhuber, I. 2017. Verzeichnis und Rote Liste der Großpilze der Steiermark (Österreich). Joannea Botanik 14: 29–112.

Halbwachs, H., Easton, G.L, Bol, R., Hobbie, E.A., Garnett, M.H., Peršoh, D., Dixon, L., Ostle, N., Karasch, P. and Griffith, G.W. 2018. Isotopic evidence of biotrophy and unusual nitrogen nutrition in soil-dwelling Hygrophoraceae. Environmental Microbiology 20(10): 3573–3588.

Halbwachs, H., Karsch, P. and Griffith, G.W. 2013. The diversity of Hygrocybe – peeking into an enigmatic lifestyle. Mycosphere 4: 773–792.

Holec, J. and Beran, M. (eds). 2006. Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. Příroda, pp. 1-282. Praha.

Hyvärinen, E., Juslén, A., Kemppainen, E., Uddström, A. and Liukko, U.M. 2019. The 2019 Red List of Finnish Species. Ympäristöministeriö and Suomen ympäristökeskus, pp. 704, Helsinki.

Index Fungorum Partnership. 2020. Index Fungorum. Available at: http://www.indexfungorum.org.

Ivančević, B., Matavuly, М. and Karaman, М. 2012. Fungi (mushrooms and lichens) in Serbian legislation. Biologia Serbica 34(1-2): 19-35.

Kasom, G., Miličković, N. 2006. Protected species of macromycetes in the Republic of Montenegro. Institute for the Protection of Nature, Podgorica, Montenegro.

Laurent-Dargent, J. 2009. La liste rouge des champignons (macromycètes) rares ou menacés en Lorraine. Sciences pharmaceutiques. https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01732739

Mešić, A. 2019. Hygrocybe punicea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147321720A147993340. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T147321720A147993340.en.. (Accessed: 20 May 2020).

Moeslund, J.E., Nygaard, B., Ejrnæs, R., Bell, N., Bruun, L.D., Bygebjerg, R., Carl, H., Damgaard, J., Dylmer, E., Elmeros, M., Flensted, K., Fog, K., Goldberg, I., Gønget, H., Helsing, F., Holmen, M., Jørum, P., Lissner, J., Læssøe, T., Madsen, H.B., Misser, J., Møller, P.R., Nielsen, O.F., Olsen, K., Sterup, J., Søchting, U., Wiberg-Larsen, P. and Wind, P. 2019. Den danske Rødliste. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. Available at: www.redlist.au.dk..

Peev, D., Petrova, A.S., Anchev, M., Temniskova, D., Denchev, C.M., Ganeva, A., Gussev, C. and Vladimirov, V. (eds). 2015. Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants and Fungi. Sofia.

Saar, I., Oja, J., Põldmaa, K., Pärtel, K., Zettur, I. and Kõljalg, U. 2019. Red List of Estonian Fungi – 2019 update. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 56: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.12697/fce.2019.56.12

Senn-Irlet, B., Bieri, G. and Egli, S. 2007. Rote Liste der gefahrdeten Grosspilze der Schweiz. BAFU, WSL, pp. 92, Bern.

Sugny, D., Beirnaert, P., Billot, A., Caillet, M. & M., Chevrolet, J.P., Galliot, L., Herbert, R. and Moyne, G. 2013. Liste rouge des champignons supérieurs de Franche-Comté. Publication commune Fédération Mycologique de l’Est, Conservatoire National Botanique de Franche-Comté et Société Botanique de Franche-Comté, pp. 114, LUNÉVILLE, imprimerie PARADIS.

Tănase, C. and Pop, A. 2005. Red List of Romanian Macrofungi Species, Bioplatform – Romanian National Platform for Biodiversity. pp. 101-107. Academiei Române, Bucureşti. ISBN 973-27-1211-2

Tkalčec, Z., Mešić, A., Matočec, N. and Kušan, I. 2008. Red book of Croatian Fungi. Ministry of Culture, State Institute for Nature Protection, Zagreb.