THE NATIONAL RED LIST OF NORTH MACEDONIA

March mushroom

Hygrophorus marzuolus

Macedonian

Мартовка

Albanian

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Taxonomy
Assessment info
Population
Habitat and Ecology
Threats
Use and Trade
Conservation Actions
Bibliography

Taxonomy

Scientific name

Hygrophorus marzuolus

Authority

(Fr.) Bres.

Synonyms

Agaricus marzuolus Fr.

Assessment info

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

VU – Vulnerable D1

Date assessed

November 2020

Assessors

Tofilovska, S.

Reviewers

Kost, G.

Contributors

Karadelev, M.

Rusevska, K.

Jovanovski, T.

Facilitators

Miskovic, M.

Justification

Hygrophorus marzuolus inhabits mountain forest regions and forms mycorrhiza with coniferous trees. The species is known to be present in NP Pelister where it is distributed at sites along the Abies borisii-regis range, in mixed forest with Pinus peuse, and in Shar Planina in mixed forest of Abies borisii-regis, Pinus nigra and Quercus spp.   An estimation of probable sites was made based on availability of appropriate habitat. In view of all sites (confirmed and predicted) the probable number of locations is between 10 and 20, and an estimation of ca. 300–600 mature individuals was made, while population trend is unknown. Thus the species is categorised as Vulnerable by the criteria D1.

Population

Current population trend

Unknown.

Description

The species is known to be present on multiple sites in Pelister NP and one site in Shar Planina. Besides the known sites, it is highly probable that the species occurs on other sites with an appropriate habitat; the probable total number of sites is estimated ca. 10–20.  According to the instructions for estimation of mature individuals provided by Dahlberg and Mueller (2011), an estimation of ca. 300–600 can be made based on the probable total number of sites in the country (ca. 10–20), the estimated number of functional individuals at each locality (estimated to be three), and based on the template of how many mature individuals each reproducing genotype may give rise to (template used 10).

Habitat and Ecology

System

Terrestrial.

Habitat and Ecology

Hygrophorus marzuolus mostly inhabits mountain forest regions of Abies spp. In addition to the mycorrhizal symbiosis with Abies borisi-regis and Pinus spp. recorded in North Macedonia, it is often found in symbiosis with Picea abies, whereas in the southern distribution range, it is also associated with Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa and Quercus spp. though less frequently (Horak 2005, Bresinsky 2008). The sporocarps appear in early spring (March-April) depending on the season weather, when the snow starts to melt. The species prefers cold and humid habitats, and it may be found at altitudes of up to 2,000 m, on both basic and neutral to acidic soil (Fraiture and Otto 2015). The sporocarps grow hidden under the leaf litter, usually in groups but also singly.

In North Macedonia, Hygrophorus marzuolus has been observed in Pelister Mt and Shar Planina. In Pelister NP, part of the population is in the zone of Strict Protection and part in the zone of Sustainable Use. Albeit it is an edible species, it has not been searched for extensively in the past, and it is inconspicuous; it should be looked for under the litter, thus an estimation of probable sites was made (Dahlberg and Mueller 2011). Based on the distribution of the major mycorrhizal partner, probable sites might be the well-preserved forest stands of A. borisii-regis and mixed fir-spruce forests found on Karaorman, Bistra, Korab, Sar Mt, Jakupica, Kajmakcalan and Kozuf (Micevski 1985, UNEP 2020, Simovski 2014, personal data).

Use and trade

Use and trade

Hygrophorus marzuolus is an edible mushroom, highly appreciated in Italy, Greece and Bulgaria (Nedelev 2019). In the past, it used to be sold on markets in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland; nowadays, this is prohibited.

Threats

Threats

Hygrophorus marzuolus as an ectomycorrhizal species is dependent on the availability of a suitable partner and habitat with convenient conditions. The confirmed sites located in Pelister NP in the third level of protection zone, as well as the site on Shar Planina, should be protected against logging and any potential loss of habitats (constructions of sky-runs and other infrastructure for winter sports or other activities).

Diseases on the mycorrhizal partners have been reported (DPRS 2019).

Conservation actions

Conservation actions

Conservation needed: Prohibition of logging and activities that may destroy its habitat at confirmed sites.

Research needed: Regular monitoring on an annual basis at the established site, coupled with field research at the noted potential sites in order to explore the distribution and dynamic of occurrence of Hygrophorus marzuolus. If the species is recorded at potential sites, conservation measures should be determined, which means prohibition of deforestation. Assessment of forest health and, if required, undertaking essential measures to preserve the health of the forest stands. It is advisable to digitize and regularly update forest inventories and forestry plans. There is a necessity of elaboration of a habitat map.

Bibliography

Bibliography

Corriol, G. (Coord.). 2014. Liste rouge des champignons de Midi-Pyrénées. Conservatoire botanique national des Pyrénées et de Midi-Pyrénées. Midi-Pyrénées, pp. 20, France.

Dahlberg, A. and Mueller, G.M. 2011. Applying IUCN red-listing criteria for assessing and reporting on the conservation status of fungal species. Fungal Ecology 4(2): 147-162. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.11.001

Diagnostic Prognostic Reporting Service of Republic of Macedonia (DPRS). 2019. Report on the state of plant diseases and pests in natural and newly established forest plantations in the Republic of Macedonia. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy – Sector for Forestry, pp. 89, Skopje.

Đug, S., Hasanbegović, A. and Drešković, N. 2013. Crvena lista gljiva Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Federalno ministarstvo okoliša i turizma, Sarajevo.

Fraiture, A and Otto, P (eds). 2015. Distribution, ecology & status of 51 macromycetes in Europe. Results of the ECCF Mapping Programme. Botanic Garden Meise, Meise.

Friebes, G., Dämon, W., Michelitsch S., Pidlich-Aigner H., Krisai-Greilhuber, I. 2017. Verzeichnis und Rote Liste der Großpilze der Steiermark (Österreich). Joannea Botanik 14: 29–112.

GBIF. 2020. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Collection of online herbarium specimens. Available at: http://data.gbif.org.

Holec, J. and Beran, M. (eds). 2006. Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. Příroda, pp. 1-282. Praha.

Index Fungorum Partnership. 2020. Index Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Chinese Academy of Science (the custodians). Available at: http://www.indexfungorum.org.

Ivančević, B., Matavuly, М. and Karaman, М. 2012. Fungi (mushrooms and lichens) in Serbian legislation. Biologia Serbica 34(1-2): 19-35.

Kasom, G., Miličković, N. 2006. Protected species of macromycetes in the Republic of Montenegro. Institute for the Protection of Nature, Podgorica, Montenegro.

Laurent-Dargent, J. 2009. La liste rouge des champignons (macromycètes) rares ou menacés en Lorraine. Sciences pharmaceutiques.

Lizon, P. and members of the Slovak Mycological Society. 2001. Red List of Slovak Fungi – draft. Bratislava, Slovakia.

Micevski, K. 1985. The flora of the Republic of Macedonia I (1). Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje.

Nedelev, P. 2019. Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres. family Hygrophoraceae. Available at: https://manatarka.org/hygrophorus-marzuolus/ assessed 05.05.2020.

Senn-Irlet, B., Bieri, G. and Egli, S. 2007. Rote Liste der gefahrdeten Grosspilze der Schweiz. BAFU, WSL, pp. 92, Bern.

Simovski, B. 2014. Natural Succession Processes of the Forests in the National Park Mavrovo. Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University.

Sugny, D., Beirnaert, P., Billot, A., Caillet, M. & M., Chevrolet, J.P., Galliot, L., Herbert, R. and Moyne, G. 2013. Liste rouge des champignons supérieurs de Franche-Comté. Publication commune Fédération Mycologique de l’Est, Conservatoire National Botanique de Franche-Comté et Société Botanique de Franche-Comté, pp. 114, LUNÉVILLE, imprimerie PARADIS.

Tănase, C. and Pop, A. 2005. Red List of Romanian Macrofungi Species, Bioplatform – Romanian National Platform for Biodiversity. pp. 101-107. Academiei Române, Bucureşti. ISBN 973-27-1211-2

Tkalčec, Z., Mešić, A., Matočec, N. and Kušan, I. 2008. Red book of Croatian Fungi. Ministry of Culture, State Institute for Nature Protection, Zagreb.

UNEP Regional Office in Vienna. 2020. Study for valorization of Shar Mountain. Tetovo-Skopje, pp. 683.